Department of Earth Sciences

The citation style of the Institute of Geographical Sciences is described in chapters 5.4 and 5.6 of the "Recommendations for the preparation of theses (in German)".

To manage your literature, we recommend literature management programmes such as Citavi (in German), EndNote (free of charge for FU members, in German) and Zotero (free of charge for everyone).

>> Tip: Do you use Zotero? Then download the Zotero citation style "Freie Universität Berlin - Geographische Wissenschaften" here!

Frequently asked questions

 1. Do I have to cite my source again after each sentence? Or is a citation at the end of the paragraph sufficient?
 2. What if there is no suitable citation template for my source?

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Citation examples

Note: All templates and examples are based on the "Recommendations for the preparation of theses (in German)" of the Institute of Geographical Sciences and are to be understood as recommendations. This citation method leaves a little room for variation - a reference may therefore be created in slightly different ways.

Short reference (in the text)

Case	Example
1 Author	(LEE 2022)
2 Authors	(ROY & SMITH 2015)
3 or more authors	(MARTIN et al. 2018)
With page reference	(LEE 2022, S. 86-87) Note: A page reference is required for direct quotations.
Corporate body	(STATISTISCHES BUNDESAMT 2012)
Corporate body (with abbreviation)	First reference: (BUNDESMINISTERIUM FÜR ARBEIT UND SOZIALES [BMAS] 2016) Afterwards: (BMAS 2016)
Narrative citation	"HOCHSTENBACH and MUSTERD (2021) demonstrate in their study, how [...]" Note: In the case of so-called "narrative citations", the author's name and, if applicable, the year are part of the continuous text.

Full reference (in the bibliography)

1. Monograph

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the monograph. subtitle (if applicable). edition (if not first edition). place(s) of publication, publisher. total number of pages. DOI or URL (if applicable)

STEGER, M. B. (2020): Globalization. A very short introduction. 2. Auflage. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 151 S.

VANNINI, P. (2024): Mobilities in remote places. Milton, Routledge. 244 S. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003321163

1.1. Monograph (part of a series)

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the monograph. subtitle (title of the series and the volume number, if applicable). edition (if not first edition). place(s) of publication, publisher. total number of pages. DOI or URL (if applicable)

SMITH, M. J., PARON, P. & GRIFFITHS, J. S. (2011): Geomorphological mapping. Methods and application (Developments in Earth surface processes 15). Amsterdam, Elsevier. 612 S.

2. Edited volumes (several contributions from different authors collected in one book)

EDITOR*S (Ed.) (year of publication): title of the edited volume. subtitle (title of the series and the volume number, if applicable). edition (if not first edition). place(s) of publication, publisher. total number of pages. DOI or URL (if applicable)

GLATTER, J. & MIEßNER, M. (Hrsg.) (2021): Gentrifizierung und Verdrängung. Aktuelle theoretische, methodische und politische Herausforderungen (Interdisziplinäre Wohnungsforschung 3). Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag. 396 S. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839455821

Note: Complete edited volumes are rarely cited. It is more common to cite only the essay that you have used. See the next example.

2.1. Essay from an edited volumes

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the essay. subtitle (if applicable) In: EDITOR*S (Ed.) (year of publication): title of the edited volume. subtitle (title of the series and the volume number, if applicable). edition (if not first edition). place(s) of publication, publisher. page numbers of the essay. DOI or URL (if applicable)

ÜBLACKER, J. (2021): Der Gentrifizierungseffekt. Situationslogik der Aufwertung von Wohngebieten. In: GLATTER, J. & MIEßNER, M. (Hrsg.): Gentrifizierung und Verdrängung. Aktuelle theoretische, methodische und politische Herausforderungen (Interdisziplinäre Wohnungsforschung 3). Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag. S. 187-208. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839455821

3. Article from a journal

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the essay. subtitle (if applicable). journal title and year (issue number if applicable). page numbers of the article. DOI or URL (if applicable)

CARMALT, J. C. (2018): For critical geographies of human rights. Progress in Human Geography 42 (6). S. 847-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517723720

4. Internet address (resp. website)

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the site. subtitle (if applicable). URL (access date).

KRONAUER, M. (2018): Gentrifizierung: Ursachen, Formen und Folgen. https://www.bpb.de/themen/stadt-land/stadt-und-gesellschaft/216871/gentrifizierung-ursachen-formen-und-folgen/ (07.02.2024).

STATISTICS CANADA (2018): Freshwater in Canada. A look at Canada's freshwater resources from 1971 to 2013. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2018011-eng.htm (07.02.2024).

Note: A corporate body can be considered an author.

5. Map

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the map. subtitle (if applicable). type of map. scale. edition. place. DOI or URL (if applicable)

LANDESVERMESSUNGSAMT SACHSEN (2000): Hohnstein-Ulbersdorf. Blatt 5051-NW. Topographische Karte. 1:10.000. 2. Auflage. Dresden.

6. University publication

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the university publication. subtitle (if applicable). type of university publication. place of publication, university. total number of pages. DOI or URL (if applicable)

MCLAUGHLIN, F. (2014): Using regional flow regime classes to identify flow anomalies in a set of Canadian rivers regulated by dams. Dissertation. Montreal, McGill University. 130 S. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/r494vp21q?locale=en

7. Online report

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the report. subtitle (if applicable). edition (if not first edition). place(s) of publication, editing corporate body. total number of pages. DOI or URL (if applicable)

ABU OUDEH, A. (2023): The two-state solution and its dual significance for the Palestinian people and the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan. 2. Auflage. Amman, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Jordan & Iraq. 18 S. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/20929.pdf

8. Dataset

AUTHOR*S (year of publication): title of the data set. subtitle (version) (if applicable). data set. place(s) of publication, editing corporate body. DOI or URL if applicable)

JINGTING, F. (2019): Replication data for: Internal Geography, Labor Mobility, and the Distributional Impacts of Trade (Version V1). Datensatz. OpenICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/E116401V1