On the left side of the image, mesas – flat-topped hills – dominate the landscape (see annotated image). These rock outcrops are remnants of a once more extensive layer, which resisted the erosion. Against the reddish-brown Martian surface, their dark layering is standing out, which is even visible within the depressions like craters (see annotated image). Dark material on Mars, like on Earth, is composed of mafic mineral of volcanic origin. Zooming out to the surroundings, these dark layers are also prominent across Idaeus Fossae, indicating that they are a regional feature rather than a local deposit. The area likely experiences significant volcanic activity, with lava and ash deposits accumulating over time and subsequently buried by other material. Through these resistant mesas the dark-layering is exposed, offering a glimpse into Mars’ geological past. Evidence of the region’s volcanic past is also visible in the wrinkle ridges, particularly on the right side of the image (see annotated image). These features form when lava contracts as it cools, creating the characteristic folded, wrinkled patterns.